Definition: Foreign direct investment is of growing importance to global economic growth. This is especially for developing andemerging market countries. FDI from investors in developed areas like the EU and the U.S. provide funding and expertise to help smaller companies in these emerging markets to expand and increase international sales.
Until recently, Southeast Asia was the greatest beneficiary of FDI. However, as of 2011, Latin America and the Caribbean pulled ahead, receiving a 35% increase in FDI.
The developed world also receives its fair share of cross-border investment, but of a different nature. Most of this is mergers and acquisitions between mature companies. These already-global corporations are engaged in restructuring or refocusing on core businesses. However, it gets recorded as FDI. This type of investment is more about maintenance, and less about making great stride in economic growth. (Source: UNCTAD, Annual FDI Report)
What Exactly Is Foreign Direct Investment?
The International Monetary Fund defines FDI as when one individual or business owns 10% or more of a foreign company’s capital. Every financial transaction afterwards is considered by the IMF as an additional direct investment. If an investor owns less than 10%, it is considered as nothing more than an addition to his/her stock portfolio.
With only a 10% ownership, the investor may or may not have the controlling interest in the foreign business. However, even with just 10%, the investor usually has significant influence on the company's management, operations and policies. For this reason, most governmental agencies want to keep tabs on who is investing in their country's businesses. (Source: Definitions of Foreign Direct Investment: A Methodological Note, Maitena Duce1, Banco de España2, July 31, 2003)
Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign direct investment has many advantages for both the investor and the recipient. One of the primary benefits is that it allows money to freely go to whatever business has the best prospects for growth anywhere in the world. That's because investors aggressively seek the best return for their money with the least risk. This motive is color-blind, doesn't care about religion or form of government.
This gives well-run businesses -- regardless of race, color or creed -- a competitive advantage. It reduces (but, of course, doesn't eliminate) the effects of politics, cronyism and bribery. As a result, the smartest money goes to the best businesses all over the world, bringing these goods and services to market faster than if unrestricted FDI weren't available.
Investors receive additional benefits. Their risk is reduced because they can diversify their holdings outside of a specific country, industry or political system. Diversification always increases return without increasing risk.
Businesses benefit by receiving management, accounting or legal guidance in keeping with the best practices practiced by their lenders. They can also incorporate the latest technology, innovations in operational practices, and new financing tools that they might not otherwise be aware of. By adopting these practices, they enhance their employees' lifestyles, helping to create a better standard of living for the recipient country. In addition, since the best companies get rewarded with these benefits, local governments have less influence, and aren't as able to pursue poor economic policies.
The standard of living in the recipient country is also improved by higher tax revenue from the company that received the foreign direct investment. However, sometimes countries neutralize that increased revenue by offering tax incentives to attract the FDI in the first place.
Another advantage of FDI is that it can offset the volatility created by "hot money." Short-term lenders and currency traders can create an asset bubble in a country by investing lots of money in a short period of time, then selling their investments just as quickly. This can create a boom-bust cycle that can wreak economies and political regimes. Foreign direct investment takes longer to set up, and has a more permanent footprint in a country.
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